University of Houston • University of Houston-Clear Lake • ISSO Annual Report Y2002—pp. 1-6

David R. Criswell (ISSO)

IN 1991, THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF TEXAS ESTABLISHED the Houston Partnership for Space Exploration (HPSE) at the University of Houston and the University of Houston-Clear Lake. The Institute for Space Systems Operations operates HPSE. HPSE’s mission is to advance the intellectual and economic development of the high technology communities associated with the NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, UH, UHCL, and within Texas and the nation. Over academic years 2001-2003, Texas funded HPSE at $430,000 per year. Many of the ISSO programs are co-funded by the participating colleges, departments, and faculty of UH and UHCL. ISSO is also the representative organization of UH to the statewide Texas Space Grant Consortium. TSGC is one of the largest of the 52 space grant consortiums established under the United States Congress National Space Grant College and Fellowship Act of 1987. ISSO reports are produced as published documents and are also available on the ISSO web site <http://www.isso.uh.edu/>.

The web site contains color versions of many of the figures, extended reports, and links to the web sites of participating faculty and other organizations.

This report details activities and progress of HPSE/ISSO faculty and associated researchers across the broad field of aerospace over the past year. In the academic year 2002-2003, ISSO funds supported the completion of the second cycle of the UH/UHCL Johnson Space Center Post Doctoral Aerospace Fellows program, UHCL seed-grant projects, and three special projects. UH and UHCL faculty from the following academic departments, institutes, and laboratories engaged in space-related research:

Biology and Biochemistry
Chemical Engineering
Chemistry
Chemistry (UHCL)
Computer Engineering (UHCL)
Electrical and Computer Engineering (Rice U)
English
Health and Human Performance
Hotel and Restaurant Management
Mathematics and Statistics (UHCL)
Mechanical Engineering
Physics
Systems Engineering (UHCL)
Sasakawa Institute for Space Architecture
Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials
Connective Tissue Physiology Lab
Nitride Materials and Devices Lab
Visual Computing Laboratory
Collegium

Faculty and students worked with NASA-JSC research staff and contractors in the following divisions, branches, offices, and laboratories:

Barophysiology Laboratory
Crew and Thermal Systems
Earth Space and Solar System Exploration Division
Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Office
Microbiology Laboratory
Microgravity Sciences Division (NASA-Glenn)
Muscle Research Laboratory
Nanotube Laboratory
Robotics Systems Technology Branch
Space Food Systems Laboratory
University Affairs Office

Twenty-six UH and UHCL professors, 11 professors from other universities, 11 aerospace fellows, 12 NASA investigators, and nine industry or non-profit researchers participated in ISSO programs. Participating organizations included: the NASA-Glenn Research Center, GTB Technology, the National Space Biomedical Research Institute, and Rice University.

Students participate in ISSO faculty projects and are often funded by ISSO. Ten students obtained, or soon will be awarded, doctor of philosophy degrees from UH for ISSO supported research. Ten students pursued masters’ degrees, and seven undergraduates participated in research projects. Faculty, co-investigators, and students made 90 presentations and have 55 papers in print or pending publication. Over 55 web sites referenced work by the ISSO director. The team directed by Prof. J. Wosik has applied for patents relating to non-invasive imaging.

ISSO funded investigators who reported submitting, in the year 2002, 24 proposals for external funding at a total of $12,700,000. They report receiving in the past year $1,110,000 in funding for projects initiated by or assisted by HPSE/ISSO funding over the past five years. Four recent Aerospace Fellows have remained in the Houston area after the completion of their two to three year appointments; two at the University of Houston and two with aerospace organizations associated with NASA-JSC. Most of the former fellows maintain close research relations with university faculty when they move to other states or nations. Many research papers, presentations, and joint proposals result from the relations established during the fellowships.

Both Aerospace Fellows teams and the seed-grant research projects make use of the immense facilities, data, and engineering and research staff of NASA-JSC. These resources greatly leverage the State of Texas funds directed to the Houston Partnership for Space Exploration. However, HPSE/ISSO programs tap only a small percentage of the in-kind resources of NASA-JSC and the associated contractors that can be available at no-cost to university researchers. The NASA-JSC community could certainly accommodate well over 100 Aerospace Fellows and enable UH, UHCL, and other Texas universities to establish Texas as the leading world center for academic excellence in all areas of human space exploration and development.

The following sections introduce projects conducted over the last year under the UH/UHCL-JSC Post Doctoral Aerospace Fellows program, those developed under seed-grants, and others categorized as special projects. These introductions are cited by the principal area of research; readers must refer to specific pages for more detailed information.

Systems and Fluid Flow
Two-phase flow, the combined flows of liquids and gases, is important to industrial processes on Earth and may find many uses in the zero-gravity of space, such as the reprocessing of waste food, water, and air.

Prof. V. Balakotaiah (UH Chemical Engineering), Dr. E. Ungar (NASA-JSC), and Dr. D. Lastochkin (Aerospace Fellow) work with Dr. Brian J. Motil of the NASA Glenn Research Center. Mr. Cesar E. Meza, Jr. pursued graduate research on portions of this project. They are investigating the utility of two-phase flow for the biological processing of wastewater within a bioreactor that might be flown in a space station or spaceship. The bioreactor consists of a 100-meter-long coil of 3 mm diameter. The inside surface of the coil is coated with bacteria that interact with the wastewater pumped through the tube. The bacteria can degrade the organic and inorganic waste to carbon dioxide, water, and other metabolic products. The water, carbon dioxide, and other products can then be reused within the spacecraft or sent to other devices for additional processing. This post-doctoral project explores combinations of fluid viscosities, surface tension, pumping-rates, and tube diameter and length. The objective is to find combinations by which the film of bacteria remains attached to the wall of the bioreactor tube and the flow of wastewater is smooth and not subject to sudden fluid instabilities. The fluids lab at the University of Houston uses facilities developed over the past two years to simulate on Earth the conditions of a bioreactor in space. Some day bioreactor technology may become available for use in homes, ships, recreational vehicles, and remote facilities on Earth (pp. 9-12).

Professor Balakotaiah was also supported by a 2002 mini-grant to develop a new theoretical description of the downward vertical flow of films along flat and curved surfaces. The new equation provides a more accurate description of the film dynamics than is provided by Orr-Sommerfeld equations. Two students in the Department of Chemical Engineering used this work in support of their graduate degrees (pp. 68-69).

Robots require electric motors that are mechanically simple, of low mass, that efficiently convert electricity into accurate motion, and are capable of providing accurate breaking force to hold position. Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors meet most of these requirements. The rotor is the only moving part. An electrically powered stator with piezoelectric fingers drives the rotor and fixes the rotor in place when power is removed.

Professors James B. Dabney (UHCL Systems Engineering) and Thomas L. Harman (UHCL Computer Engineering), under a 2002 mini-grant, are developing closed-loop electronic controllers.

They have kinematic position accuracy in no-load and no-load dynamic operations. At this time, positioning accuracy is limited by the inability of the drive to operate at speeds less than 30 rpm. First year results are presented on pages 76-79. Two students have utilized portions of this work for their graduate degrees.

Sensors and Materials
There is an increasing need in many chemical sensing applications, ranging from air quality in spacecraft habitats to environmental science and medical diagnostics, for fast, sensitive, and selective gas detection based on laser spectroscopy.

Professor T. L. Harman (UHCL Computer Engineering) worked with Professor Frank Tittel (Rice U Electrical and Computer Engineering), Dr. John Graf (NASA-JSC), and Dr. A. A . Kosterev (Aerospace Fellow). They have developed a laser technique to monitor, in real time, the trace levels of ammonia in the terrestrial atmosphere and in gases vented from the bioreactor developed at NASA-JSC. The device, which uses quantum cascade distributed feedback lasers operating in the mid-infrared, is portable, can operate at room temperature, and is physically robust. Dr. Kosterev has completed his three-year post doctoral program and is now a full time employee of the Rice Quantum Institute. Rice University provided half the support for Dr. Kosterev. This transition enabled Dr. Harman and Dr. Kosterev to pursue research that utilized facilities and data available at both Rice University and NASA-JSC (pp. 27-31).

Interest has grown in the production of single-wall carbon nanotubes. They potentially offer means to make new types of solid state circuits, ultrastrong fibers, filters for gasses and liquids, and many other applications. However, single-wall carbon nanotubes are very difficult to produce. Professors M. N. Iliev and A. P. Litvinchuk (UH Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials), Dr. Carl Scott (NASA-JSC), Dr. Victor G. Hadjiev (Aerospace Fellow), and Dr. S. Arepalli and Dr. P. Nikolaev (GB Tech/NASA-JSC) are completing the third and final year of their program to produce single-wall nanotubes and characterize the affects of various parameters on the efficiency of production (pp. 33-36). In their two-laser system they have examined the effects of pulse sequence and separation, laser energy density, helium and nitrogen buffer gases, operating pressure, flow rate, and inner diameter of the tube through which the vaporized carbon flows. Future studies are needed on the parameters that control flow conditions.

Scientists have long known that living cells are electrical machines. As electronic technology steadily increases in sophistication, it is possible to more accurately measure the electrical properties of living cells and characterize the cells. Sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) can now measure the tiny magnetic fields produced by small displacement currents flowing along cell structures. Professor John H. Miller (UH Physics) and Dr. James R. Claycomb (UH Physics) have used SQUIDs to identify signals from bakers’ yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and E. coli that are distinct from signals generated by non-biological reference fluids. The technology may eventually enable quick and noninvasive identification of pharmaceuticals, biohazards, and human infections (pp. 91-96).

A spacecraft in orbit about Earth is bombarded by intense streams of electrically neutral molecules and atoms. The spacecraft surface and components can be severely degraded. Energetic beams of neutral particles are used on Earth to produce microelectronics, to test materials, and identify unknown materials. It is always useful to be able to make more intense and better focused beams of electrically neutral molecules and atoms.

Professor D. J. Economou (UH Chemical Engineering) has developed and demonstrated in the lab a novel neutral beam device which generates the equivalent of ~10 mA/cm2 of directional beam current. The particles have energies between 10 and 100s of electron volts (pp. 80-84). D. Kim used portions of the research to achieve his Ph.D. in 2002. Mr. Wang is conducting portions of his Ph.D. research under the project.

Professor Jack Y. Lu (UHCL Chemistry) received a second ISSO 2002 mini-grant to continue development of two-dimensional layers of metal organic polymer nanofibers. Triple layers of these nanofiber mats can serve as a molecular separation device that removes contaminating molecules and particles from gases and liquids (pp. 89-90). His lab has synthesized a new metalorganic polymer-isonicotinato. It has a unique 3-D nano hollow channel with a diameter of ~1.15 nm. Dr. Lu made use of NSF sponsored facilities at the UH Texas Center for Superconductivity and Advanced Materials for some portions of the work.

On long duration space missions it will be vital to continuously monitor the level of bacteria in the water, air, food, waste products, and other materials that circulate within the closed environment.

Professor A. Bensaoula led a 2002 mini-grant project that demonstrated electronic chips that can detect and measure the concentration of E. coli bacteria. This work was conducted in the UH Nitride Materials and Devices Laboratory and was coordinated with Dr. M. L. Sanz and Dr. George Fox (UH Biology and Biochemistry). The new III-nitride and Si-based device detects fluorescence from tagged bacteria in eight spectral bands (pp. 110-11).

Magnetic resonant imaging (MRI) devices have revolutionized the imaging of the human body for both medical care and research. Commercially available MRI scanners are very large and usually designed so that a human can be guided into the imaging cavity. NASA needs far smaller units that can be used to image a portion of the body, such as the head or leg. Professor J. Wosik (UH Electrical and Computer Engineering) is developing compact MRI systems that could be used onboard the International Space Station to study processes like atrophy of leg muscles and changes in muscle volume due to countermeasures such as exercise. The work is conducted with two graduate research assistants and two undergraduate students (pp. 105-08). The team is increasing the useful sensitivity of the compact MRI device through the use of multiple small coils made of high temperature superconducting materials and operating the multiple coils as electronically phased arrays. They envision significant increases in sensitivity of a small MRI device that uses as many as 16 small coils.

Working in Space and on Earth
Genes of microorganisms respond to zero gravity by expressing different proteins than in one-gravity on Earth. Some of these zero gravity changes can now be evoked on Earth by means of a high aspect rotating vessel (HARV) bioreactor. Professor George Fox (UH Biochemistry and Biophysical Science), Professor Richard Willson (UH Chemical Engineering), Dr. Don L. Tucker (Aerospace Fellow), and Dr. Duane Pierson (NASA-JSC) are continuing investigations of the responses of the bacteria E. coli and Salmonella in HARV experiments at NASA-JSC (pp. 21-25).

Other experiments indicate that the virulence of Salmonella increases in space. Its changes in gene expression may increase resistance of the bacteria to antibiotics, and cell survival may increase in space. Researchers have identified a number of E. coli genes that are up-regulated and down-regulated in the HARV experiments. A number of the genes possess known or putative functions. The goal is to develop a more general and deeper understanding of how the gene expressions change under different operating conditions of the HARV.

As the sun and the atmosphere of the Earth have evolved over the past 3.5 billion years, various types of life on the Earth, and possibly on Mars, may have been exposed to high levels of solar ultraviolet light that would modify the genetic materials and force the cell line to evolve. Professors Fox and M. Travisano have examined the evolution of E. coli lines subjected to intermittent exposure to ultraviolet light (25 seconds/day) over 60 days. They found that after 600 generations the E. coli had achieved complete resistance to additional exposures to the ultraviolet. However, the adapted line seemed to grow more slowly (pp. 85-86). Two students, R. Goldman and F. Karouia, utilized portions of this study for their graduate research.

How do people move? How close can they find themselves to the limits of performance, and how safe are their motions at those levels of performance? What are people doing when they move, and how well are they doing it? Human motion, on Earth and in space, is complex and difficult to analyze. Computers can now recognize much human speech. Can they be used to efficiently recognize, monitor, analyze, and transmit useful information on human motion? Is it possible to analyze a sequence of snapshots of a moving person and translate that visual information into a form that computers can utilize? These are the challenges undertaken by Professors I. Kakadiaris (UH Computer Science) and K. Grigoriadis (UH Mechanical Engineering) and Dr. C. Barrón (Aerospace Fellow). They are teamed with Mr. D. Magruder and Dr. K. Baker (NASA-JSC).

In 2002, their work focused on developing semi-automatic estimation of anthropometry and pose from a single image of a person (pp. 37-46). They present a variety of images to demonstrate the broad coverage of a new algorithm that speeds up computations by a factor of ten. Potential applications may eventually include computer monitoring of worker safety within hazardous environments, faster generation of digital special effects for movies and training, and the means by which humans can control robots through the natural movement of the body rather than with joysticks, levers, or keyboards. Three students (J. Liang, C. Barrón, and A. Paranjape) conducted graduate research on the project. Aerospace Post Doctoral Fellow, Dr. G. Martinez, has since returned to Puerto Rico.

Humans arriving on-orbit to zerogravity immediately begin losing muscle mass, especially in the large muscles of the lower legs. Resistance exercise and running on a treadmill, while the subject is held down by the force of elastic cords, do not seem to be especially effective in preventing loss of muscle mass. On Earth, a caged rat loses muscle mass in its lower hind limbs when the rat is suspended by its tail and its hind feet are prevented from touching the bottom of the cage. This experimentation provides a physiological model for the loss of muscle mass in zero-gravity that can be studied on Earth in the laboratory.

Professors C. S. Layne (UH Health & Human Performance), M. S. F. Clarke (UH Health & Human Performance), D. A. Martinez (UH Biology and Biochemistry), and Dr. Antonios Kyparos (Aerospace Fellow) are conducting research with Dr. D. L. Feeback (NASA-JSC Muscular Research Laboratory) on the rat model at NASA-JSC and evaluating the methods for reversing and possibly stabilizing the loss of muscle mass (pp. 49-55). They find that the application of low pressure to the hind limb of the rat does reverse the loss of muscle mass. This routine has implications for treatment of muscle loss in astronauts during flight and for clinical populations such as the bed-ridden or the elderly.

Professor Layne received an ISSO 2002 mini-grant to examine the relation between muscle reflexes and the preparatory modulation of neuromuscular activation levels. Twenty students experienced dynamic foot pressure from solenoids embedded in an aluminum plate that pressed against the side of the foot (pp. 87-88). Two graduate students participated in this research.

The NASA Mars Odyssey, placed in orbit about Mars in October, 2001, carried the "Mars Radiation Environment Experiment." MARIE is a charged particle telescope that measures the directional intensity of charged particles between the energies of 20 and 450 million electron volts per unit of atomic mass. Budget limitations made it impossible to completely calibrate MARIE before launch. However, it has been possible to calibrate MARIE by monitoring the signals generated by solar and galactic cosmic rays that pass through the spacecraft and the instrument during its flight toward Mars.

The UH-JSC team of Professor L. S. Pinsky (UH Physics), Dr. T. L. Wilson (JSC), Dr. V. Anderson (Aerospace Fellow), and Mr. K. Lee (Ph.D. candidate, Physics) have used the radiation transport code FLUKA to model the solar and galactic cosmic rays, which are modified as they move through the spacecraft and collide with its materials (pp. 57-60).

People will eventually visit the planet Mars. The atmosphere of Mars provides far less protection against solar and galactic cosmic rays than does the atmosphere of Earth. Visitors and their equipment will be exposed to far more intensive particle radiation than on Earth. Under partial support of a 2002 mini-grant, a UH-JSC team is participating in analyzing the first year of radiation data. The team consists of Professor L. Pinsky (UH Physics), Dr. T. L. Wilson (JSC), and Dr. V. Anderson (Aerospace Fellow). UH graduate student Mr. K. Lee conducted a portion of his doctoral research under this ISSO mini-grant (pp. 97-100). The MARIE experiment failed during the journey to Mars. It was reactivated in orbit about Mars. Dr. Anderson discovered the calibration procedures that enabled retrieval of useful data.

Crewmembers on long duration space missions will desire freshly made foods such as bread. Bread can be made from grains grown onboard the spacecraft or within a facility on the Moon or Mars. Soybean and wheat are possible grains. An Advanced Food System (AFS) is under development at NASA-JSC that enables the evaluation of current and new commercial food technologies.

In particular, a processor prototype, termed STOW, has been developed to produce bread from soymilk, tofu, okara, and whey.

Professor C. L. Rappole (UH Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management) and Dr. S. French (Aerospace Fellow) are working with Dr. Michele Perchonok (NASA-JSC and NSBRI/Baylor University) to evaluate STOW and the operational readiness of four different types of automated bread machines.

They are evaluating factors such as the mass and volume and requirements of the equipment, duties of a required operator, maintenance time, and needed infrastructure (pp. 61-65). Dr. French is now a Senior Scientist with the Space Food Systems Laboratory at NASA-JSC. Drs. Rappole, French, and Perchonok continue to cooperate with two former post-doctoral fellows. Dr. E. Vittadini is now with the Universita’ degli Stude de Parma in Italy and Dr. Y. Vodovotz is assistant professor in the Department of Food Science and Technology at Ohio State University.

It is necessary to sterilize food-making equipment on Earth and during the mission of a long-duration spacecraft. In the close confines of a spacecraft, chemicals, such as those used on Earth, must be minimized. Professor Rappole and Dr. French have experimented with the use of ultraviolet light to sterilize the metallic portions of the AFS that were sprayed with a mixture of soymilk and water. Only a low level of ultraviolet light was required in this control experiment (pp. 101-04).

Professor R. J. Chhikara (UHCL Mathematics and Statistics) received a 2002 mini-grant to extend analyses of the responses of humans to decompression. He cooperated with Dr. L. A. Thompson (Aerospace Fellow) and Dr. J. Conkin (NASA-JSC).

Conkin observed that under certain circumstances some individuals will never experience Grade IV Venous Gas Emboli. The team has incorporated these data into a mathematical model of a full population (pp. 70-75).

Special projects
Professor I. Rothman (UH English) is the editor of the ISSO Annual Report. He also has a strong interest in the history of flight.

He summarizes the early history of ballooning and the hopes and fears expressed in Europe and American during the Federalist period. His photographs of the Wright Brothers’ monument at Kitty Hawk emphasize the hazards of human flight (pp. 118-23). Concerns raised in Greek mythology and in balloon experiments 300 years ago mirror those raised after the Challenger and Colombia accidents.

The research activities of Dr. Criswell are summarized starting on page 112. He has focused on the economic and environmental aspects of sustainable global power, and in particular, on obtaining solar electric power from facilities on the Moon. The University of Houston faculty quarterly magazine, the Collegium, featured an article written by Mr. P. Montgomery for the spring, 2003 issue. The article is reproduced on page 116. Special thanks is given to Ms. K. Koen, the editor, for inviting the article. Thanks are also extended to Ms. O. Bannova of the UH Sasakawa Institute for Space Architecture who provided the Collegium a graphic depicting the Lunar Solar Power System for use in the spring, 2003 issue.

Texas Space Grant Consortium
ISSO represents the University of Houston within the Texas Space Grant Consortium (TSGC). The ISSO Director is an Associate Director of the TSGC. UH is one of the three charter members of TSGC, along with the University of Texas-Austin and Texas A&M University.

In 2002, the first director of TSGC, Prof. B. Tapley of UT Austin, resigned. Prof. W. Fowler, (UT-Austin), was appointed as the new director.

UH provides support for TSGC projects through an annual membership fee of $50,000 and in-kind contributions of faculty time and services of another $50,000 per year. UH and UHCL have a portion of these expenditures returned in the form of fellowships and stipends in the field of aerospace for undergraduates and graduate students. UH and UHCL faculty have, since 1987, received research grants for work at their institutions in cooperation with other TSGC members. The TSGC comprises 27 university members, six industrial and non-profit members, and two agencies of the State of Texas. With recent encouragement from NASA, TSGC has accepted San Jacinto College as a member. San Jacinto was selected in 2001 to administer the NASA-JSC program under which teams of college students conduct experiments in zero-gravity within a NASA jet aircraft. TSGC is considering associate membership for several other Texas community colleges and several aerospace science centers.

The spring, 2002, TSGC meeting focused on "Advanced Life Support Systems." Several UH faculty, particularly Professor A. Ignatiev, Director, TcSAM, participated in its organization and operation. The TSGC web site provides detailed coverage of all activities: <http://www.tsgc.utexas.edu/>.

ISSO consulted with Professor L. Bell, Director of the Sasakawa Institute for Space Architecture at UH, for the development of a master’s degree program in space architecture. ISSO proposed the soliciting of a letter of support from the TSGC director.

World Space Congress 2002
The International Committee for Space Research (COSPAR), the International Astronautics Federation (IAF), the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), the Greater Houston Partnership, the Houston Chamber of Commerce, NASA-JSC, Rice University, the University of Houston, and many international, national, and Houston organizations cooperated as hosts of the Second World Space Congress in Houston (Oct. 10-19, 2002). Over 3,500 aerospace professionals attended the Congress. Dr. I. Rothman and Mrs. D. Bush organized an ISSO display as part of the University of Houston booth. Many UH and UHCL faculty supported by ISSO participated in the Congress and presented papers. The ISSO director presented three papers and participated in several IAF and IAA working groups (pp. 124-27.)

Econophysics
The UH Department of Physics has organized a special study group in the emerging field of econophysics. Faculty from several UH colleges participate. They explore the application of mathematical techniques developed in the modeling of complex systems and nuclear data to the analysis of financial and economic data. For details: <http://www.phys.uh.edu/econophysics.htm>.

ISSO provided $15,000 to the econophysics program to invite, over the next several years, seminar speakers. It is anticipated that econophysics will provide a context for the recognition and development of profitable new commercial activities that use the physical and energy resources of the solar system.

Mini-Grants for Y2003
In the spring of 2003, ISSO received eight proposals from UHCL faculty for research to be conducted between May and August 2003. ISSO allocated a total of $47,000 for five mini-grants. The investigators with their projects are listed below:

Dr. Gary Boetticher
Department of Computer Science/Computer Engineering
"An Automated Hybridization of Machine Learners for Recursive Spot Identification, Optimization, and Gel Matching of 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis"

Dr. Gary Boetticher
Department of Computer Science/Computer Engineering
"Optimization of Genetically Engineerable Programs (GEEP) for Improved Data Understanding"

Dr. James Dabney (2nd year)
Department of Computing and Mathematics
"Model-Based Control of Piezoelectric Ultrasound Motor for Space Robotics"

Dr. Jack Y. Lu (2nd year)
Department of Chemistry
"Synthesis of Fire-Safe Framework Polymers for Aerospace Applications"

Dr. Kwok-Bun Yue
Department of Computing and Mathematics
"A Framework for Collaborative Open Source Courseware Development"

Each investigator commits to submitting one or more proposals to an external funding agency and to publishing the results of the seed-grant study. The investigator also provides a report on the research to ISSO for inclusion in a report to the State of Texas.

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Institute for Space Systems Operations - Y2002 Annual Report
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